Get vaccinated, seniors urged; Free flu shots a relief for senior citizens but uptake uncertain

 PETALING JAYA: Elderly Malay­sians should not miss the opportunity to get vaccinated free against influenza starting tomorrow, say health experts.

Malaysian Medical Association president Datuk Dr Kalwinder Singh Khaira said senior citizens, who are eligible for the free vaccination, should take full advantage by registering as soon as possible for the vaccine.

“The flu vaccine is beneficial, especially for the elderly, as it is shown to be effective in protecting against complications from the flu.

“Older persons with comorbidities are at higher risk of complications, which can even lead to hospitalisation and, in some cases, death.

“Taking precautions such as getting vaccinated is strongly advised,” he said when contacted yesterday.

Dr Kalwinder, however, raised concerns over the availability of the flu vaccine at private clinics and hospitals.

“Many patients are now heeding the advice of taking precautions against the flu and asking for the vaccine.

“While we fully support the government’s free vaccination programme for high-risk seniors at government clinics, it is equally important to recognise the vital role general practitioners play in community vaccination efforts.”

He also urged the Health Ministry and vaccine suppliers to ensure adequate distribution of vaccines to private clinics and hospitals to prevent gaps in immunisation coverage.

On Feb 10, Health Minister Datuk Seri Dr Dzulkefly Ahmad announced the expansion of the Influenza Immunisation Programme, which was launched in 2006, to cover not only frontline healthcare workers but also senior citizens aged 60 and above with at least one chronic illness.

The rollout of the voluntary vaccination exercise will begin on Feb 18 and is expected to benefit over 170,000 high-risk senior citizens via appointments made via the MySejahtera app.

Public health expert Dr Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia said it is commendable that the government is expanding its immunisation programme by providing free influenza vaccinations for those above 60, particularly those with existing comorbidities.

“The risk of developing severe complications from the flu is significantly higher for elderly individuals, particularly those aged 65 and older.

“This is because they are at a much higher risk compared to younger adults due to their weakened immune system,” she said.

Although she did not provide the exact numbers, Dr Sharifa said flu-related deaths are the highest among the elderly.

“Influenza can result in a host of complications, such as pneumonia, including sepsis.

“Getting vaccinated offers protection to the elderly against developing such complications, which could prove fatal,” she added.She advised senior folk who are eligible to make the effort to get vaccinated.

“Those operating homes or centres for the care of the elderly must make it a priority for seniors under their care to be vaccinated under the programme.”

In 2023, pneumonia surpassed heart-related disease as the leading cause of death in the country, which accounted for 8,181 deaths, or 15.2% of 119,952 medically certified deaths for that year.

Association of Private Hospitals Malaysia president Datuk Dr Kuljit Singh said the elderly should not take influenza lightly but seize the chance to get vaccinated for free.

“Clinically speaking, there have been cases that have gone badly for those in this group.”

He added that it becomes challenging for doctors treating elderly patients towards recovery due to complications linked to influenza.

Free flu shots a relief for senior citizens but uptake uncertain

Vital living: Darren Tay (second from left) with other senior citizens exercising in Bukit Dumbar, Penang. — LIM BENG TATT/The Star

GEORGE TOWN: Retiree R. Sega­ran, 63, had been considering a flu shot after hearing about relatives getting sick.

However, concerned about the cost, as he now lives on his savings, he hadn’t enquired about it at private clinics.

So when the government announced free flu jabs for senior citizens with chronic illnesses, he was relieved.

“I have diabetes and hypertension. Since last year, I’ve heard about so many friends and relatives getting the flu, and it seemed to affect them badly. I thought a wave of Covid-19 was back.

“I haven’t caught the flu yet because I stay home with my wife most of the time.

“I am definitely signing up for the free jab via MySejahtera when it starts,” said the former factory technician.

Starting tomorrow, all Malay­sians over 60 with at least one chronic illness are eligible for free influenza vaccinations by registering through the MySejahtera app.

Housewife Doreen Phor, 56, said she would not hesitate to get the free flu vaccine, but she is four years too young.

“I recently got my influenza shot at a private clinic, and it cost me RM80.

“With the increasing number of influenza cases in the community, we should not only protect ourselves but also those around us.

“Although I spend most of my time at home and am relatively safe, others could still carry the virus and spread it,” she said yesterday.

She added that her family members have also received their flu shots and would gladly accept the vaccine if it is offered by the government.

“My last jab was in August, and since the dose is expected to be effective for a year, I would gladly take it again this August if the government provides it for free.”

However, retired fish farmer Teh Ah Teik, 64, remains hesitant about getting the jab.

He has not applied for it despite having taken the flu vaccine once, many years ago.

“A few years back, before travel­ling to Taiwan, I got a flu shot at a local clinic.

“But since I have no plans to travel to cold places anytime soon, I don’t see the need for another flu shot, even if it’s free.

“Instead, I focus on keeping myself healthy by walking for about an hour every day.”

Phor and Teh are among many senior citizens who have expressed mixed opinions on whether to apply for or receive the flu vaccine.

Penang health committee chairman Daniel Gooi said eligibility for the free flu vaccination requires registration and appointments through the MySejahtera app.“A total of 24 health clinics in Penang have been selected to provide the vaccines to eligible ­recipients,” he said.

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Stay safe and alert: People wearing face masks to protect themselves in George Town. — LIM BENG TATT/The Star

Keeping the virus at bay

The monsoon season may bring an increase in influenza cases, even in tropical Malaysia. Get vaccinated to avoid contracting the highly contagious virus, say health experts. Business operators, meanwhile, want a safe workplace and to allow flexible options for their staff.

GEORGE TOWN: While the influenza virus tends to thrive during the colder months in countries with four seasons, tropical nations like Malaysia could still face a potential outbreak, says a virologist with Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).

“Increased rainfall towards the end of the year, particularly in several states across Malaysia recently, often correlates with a rise in influenza cases,” said Dr Kumitaa Theva Das.

With the influenza virus constantly evolving, she noted that medical experts have recommended annual vaccinations to protect against the latest virus strains.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends people take the flu jab once every year, in February for those living in the Northern Hemisphere and in September for people in the Southern Hemisphere.

Dr Kumitaa said a common misconception is that influenza, often referred to as the “flu”, is no different from the common cold.

“In reality, influenza is a far more severe respiratory infection that can be life-threatening, especially for the high-risk groups.

“While cold symptoms are usually mild, influenza presents with more intense symptoms, including fever, severe muscle aches and extreme fatigue.

“In some serious cases, individuals may even experience chest pain, shortness of breath and loss of consciousness,” said Dr Kumitaa.

The Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (Informm) senior lecturer added that some people are particularly susceptible to contracting influenza.

Young children, the elderly, pregnant women, people with chronic health conditions and those with weakened immune systems are all considered to be in the high-risk group, she noted.

“Because their immune systems are either still developing or less resilient, these individuals are at a higher risk of experiencing severe complications from the virus,” she explained.

She also said that influenza is highly contagious, especially during the initial stages when the symptoms begin to show.

An infected person can spread the virus through droplets released when they cough or sneeze, making close-contact environments such as schools and public transportation a prime setting for transmission, she added.

Public health specialist Prof Dr Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh said influenza could cause pneumonia, adding that pneumonia is one of the leading causes of deaths in the country, especially among women and the elderly.

“Hence vaccinations against influenza are very important, especially among the high-risk groups such as the elderly, young children, disabled, homeless and immune-compromised people like diabetics and cancer patients.

“It could be dangerous for those in the high-risk categories because it could lead to lung complications,” she said.

Dr Sharifa Ezat also urged the government to increase allocations for flu vaccinations, given that they may be costly for the low-income groups.

USM family medicine specialist Dr Mastura Mohd Sopian said certain groups of people, including health workers and infants younger than six months, are at greater risk of developing severe symptoms and complications.

She, too, reminded the public that vaccination is one of the most effective measures against influenza.

There are other simple practices that can help reduce the risk of infection.

“Wash your hands frequently with soap and water to reduce the chance of infection.

“Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth as the virus can enter the body through these areas.

“Wear a mask in crowded places or if you are experiencing symptoms. Try to limit contact with individuals who are symptomatic to minimise exposure,” advised Dr Mastura.

Beware the influenza bug

GEORGE TOWN: Achoo! It’s the flu season, and the virus is making its rounds looking for new carriers during this monsoon season.With cases of influenza A or B on the rise, experts are warning of an outbreak as the virus is highly contagious and prone to spreading during the cold climate.

The common symptoms are high fever, body aches, cough or flu, and nobody is safe from the virus unless one is vaccinated.

ALSO READ: Get the flu vax to stay active again

Civil servant K. Charles, 38, was out for lunch when he suddenly felt extremely tired and had shortness of breath.“The feeling was like I got hit by a truck and could not continue riding my bike,” he said.

Charles stopped by the roadside to call his father, who then rushed over and sent him to the hospital.

“I was in bed for five days with a high fever and body aches.

“My test result came back positive for influenza A, which the doctors say is highly infectious and more severe than influenza B.“I was given antiviral drugs for the next few days. I lost my appetite and the doctor put me on intravenous (IV) drips.”

Charles said that after he recovered, he promptly went to take a flu jab.

ALSO READ: Protect your workforce during flu season, businesses urged

Jessie Lim, a clerk, 43, said she accompanied her son Jason Lee, 23, to a private clinic after he complained about feeling feverish and having body aches.

“At first, I thought he was merely having a fever, but to my surprise, his test showed that he had contracted influenza A.

“He was prescribed antibiotics and paracetamols and told to rest and take more fluids,” she said.

As the disease is highly contagious, Lim said everyone in her family wore masks to contain the spread of the virus and kept her son isolated.

Her anxiety did not end there, as Lim’s 76-year-old mother, who lives with them, also came down with fever, flu and cough.

“I was so worried, thinking that the virus had spread among our family members.

“Luckily, my mother later tested negative for influenza A or B. Both of them recovered after a few days.

“A week later, I took both my son and my mum to a clinic to get the flu vaccines for a whole year’s protection,” she said, adding that she herself had gotten vaccinated against the flu earlier.

Imran Hilmy, who works in the media, was not ready to put his eight-year-old daughter’s life on the line again after she recovered from Covid-19.

“When Maryam and her mother contracted Covid-19 during the pandemic, it was really painful for me to see both of them suffer through it.

“With the influenza season raging now, I did not think twice about getting my daughter vaccinated.

“She needs a boost to her immune system, especially during these colder months when both the flu virus and other respiratory illnesses tend to rise,” he said.

General practitoner Dr BS Goh said people of any age can catch the influenza virus.

The viruses that circulate widely in humans are the influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2, along with influenza B, he said.

“Annual vaccination is recommended as this is the primary and most effective way to prevent influenza and influenza-related complications.”

Dr Goh also advised holidaymakers planning to travel to places with colder climates to get the flu jabs before leaving to avoid falling sick later.

Penang health committee chairman Danial Gooi said staying vaccinated will not only protect individuals but also help safeguard the vulnerable folk within the community.

“Parents, too, should be attentive and refrain from sending their children to daycare centres, kindergartens or schools if they are ill,” he added.

Gooi revealed that the cumulative number of influenza clusters in Penang rose to 27 by epidemic week (EW) 41 this year, up from 21 during the same period last year.However, he said the consultation rate for influenza-like illness (ILI) in EW 41 this year had seen a slight decrease from 8.4% in 2023 to 5.4% this year.

“Although the number of cases per influenza outbreak has shown a significant decline with no serious cases detected in any of the outbreaks, the public still needs to be vigilant about their health and seek immediate treatment if they feel unwell,” he said.

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Getting vaccinated is not just about ensuring you don’t fall ill, but also about saving those around you from getting sick.

— Graphics: Positive Parenting This is how an infectious disease with an r-naught of four spreads from one patient.

herd immunity

Protect yourself, protect your community

VACCINATION directly protects individuals who are vaccinated against certain infections, but it can also provide indirect protection to the unvaccinated in a population.

This is what we call herd immunity or community immunity. It is a key aspect of epidemic control.

To understand herd immunity, we need to be familiar with certain terms.

Firstly, we have to know the infectiousness of a disease, indicated by its basic reproduction number (R-naught or R0).

This can be defined as the expected number of new infections generated by one infectious individual in a fully vulnerable population without any control measures.

For example, an infectious disease with an R-naught of four means that one case is expected to generate four other cases.

The higher the R-naught, the more infectious the disease is.

Each infectious disease has its own R-naught and it may vary across populations and over time, depending on various factors.

The R-naught in turn determines the herd immunity threshold (HIT), which is the minimum level of vaccination coverage or minimum number of immune individuals in a population that must be achieved to produce herd immunity against a certain infection.

An easy way to calculate HIT is by using this equation: HIT = 1 – 1/R-naught.

Hence, to achieve herd immunity against a disease with R-naught of four, at least 3/4 or 75% of the population have to be immunised.

This calculation assumes that susceptible and infectious individuals in a population are equally in contact with one another and spread the infection in the same way.

From this, we can deduce that the more infectious the disease, the higher the R-naught, and thus, the higher the HIT, and the more the people that need to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity in a population.

When enough people are vaccinated against a particular disease, they will be able to ‘protect’ those who are unable to be vaccinated from those who are infected.

For optimal benefit

Various other factors play crucial roles to ensure that optimal herd immunity can be achieved via vaccination.

They include:

> High vaccine effectiveness

This is key to attaining optimal herd immunity.

Vaccine effectiveness varies between different populations and regions.

However, not all vaccines stimulate lifelong immunity and this may decrease herd immunity over time.

The effect of waning immunity can be mitigated by increasing vaccination coverage or taking booster shots. >

Reduced transmission potential (or force of infection)

Vaccination efforts need to target the main reservoir of infection, i.e. groups who are most likely to get and spread the infection.

Low vaccine coverage among these groups may compromise herd immunity, even though overall coverage is high.

This also depends on the route of transmission of the pathogen.

> Appropriate vaccine uptake

Optimal herd immunity is more likely to be achieved when vaccine coverage is at the higher end of the HIT.

Another important factor is appropriate distribution patterns.

This can be achieved by targeting those who are highly exposed to the infection (e.g. healthcare workers) and vulnerable populations (e.g. infants and the elderly).

The timeliness in receiving the vaccine also impacts the effectiveness of the vaccination programme, and thus, herd immunity.

For example, in the United Kingdom, the occurrence of invasive pneumococcal disease in unvaccinated adults aged over 65 years has been reduced by 81% after the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was included as part of routine immunisation for infants under two years old.

Protecting the vulnerable

The best-case scenario is to have 100% vaccine effectiveness and coverage, but the reality is far from perfect.

No vaccine is 100% effective, and there are people who cannot get vaccinated or do not elicit strong immune responses from vaccines.

These include newborns, people allergic to certain vaccines, people with weakened or failing immune systems, or elderly with chronic diseases.

This is where herd immunity comes into play, providing indirect protection to these groups.

Optimal herd immunity via vaccination also counteracts waning immunity.

Protection with certain vaccines can diminish with time, e.g. pertussis vaccination starts to weaken after two years.

Thus, people with waning immunity are exposed to infection unless herd immunity is strong and vaccine uptake is sustained.

Apart from the vulnerable population, the following groups of people should also get vaccinated:

> Families and close contacts of those considered as vulnerable

> Caregivers of children, elderly

and sick patients > Healthcare or hospital workers.

When you get yourself vaccinated, you’re not only protecting yourself, but also your loved ones and other vulnerable individuals in the population.

As you can see now, vaccination is crucial and the safest way to achieve optimal herd immunity!


 Datuk Dr Musa Mohd  a paediatrician and Universiti Putra Malaysia lecturer. Datuk Dr Musa Mohd Nordin is a consultant paediatrician and neonatologist. This article is courtesy of the Malaysian Paediatric Association’s Positive Parenting programme in collaboration with expert partners. For further information, please email starhealth@thestar.com.my. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only, and it should not be construed as personal medical advice. Information published in this article is not intended to replace, supplant or augment a consultation with a health professional regarding the reader’s own medical care. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this column. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.

The Star Malaysia17 Dec 2023By Dr HUSNA MUSA and Datuk Dr MUSA MOHD NORDIN
By Dr HUSNA MUSA and Datuk Dr MUSA MOHD NORDIN

Remember to wash your hands

https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/12/17/remember-to-wash-your-hands

 

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Record covid-19 new cases and deaths in Penang, Malaysia 19,733 new cases (Sep 8)

 

 

Penang (2,474) reached a new record Sspt 8, 2021. Hospitalisation of Covid-19 patients has also been trending up, despite 49.4 percent of its population being vaccinated. [see vaccination chart below]

Hospital bed use for Covid-19 patients in Penang has reached 109 percent - the highest in the country - while intensive care bed use is 93.2 percent. [see hospitalisation chart below]

In Sarawak (3,100), the authorities said 99.87 percent of new cases involved patients in Category 1 or 2 (no symptoms or mild symptoms). However, Health Ministry data shows that hospitalisation is still on a 14-day uptrend.

Hospital bed use by Covid-19 patients Negeri Sembilan has dropped 70.9 percent since peaking on July 31.

As of yesterday, the R-naught for the country is 0.95. A R-naught of less than 1.00 suggests that the spread of Covid-19 was slowing down.

The R-naught for the Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Negeri Sembilan have all fallen below 0.90.

Regions where the R-naught is more than 1.00 are Pahang, Perak, Terengganu, Sarawak, Perlis and Penang, Malacca and Johor.

The number of active cases have continued trend downwards today the intensive care bed use is dropping slowly over the past month.

Active cases: 248,673 

Patients in ICU: 904* 

Intubated: 430*

[Does not include patients classified as 'probable'.]

New cases by states

Sarawak (3,100) Selangor (2,989) Penang (2,474) Sabah (2,067) Johor (1,867) Kedah (1,564) Kelantan (1,471) Perak (1,319) Terengganu (904) Pahang (700) Kuala Lumpur (537) Malacca (375) Negeri Sembilan (256) Perlis (74) Putrajaya (29) Labuan (7)

Deaths

The Health Ministry reported another 361 deaths attributed to Covid-19 today, bringing the national death toll to 19,163.

There were 102 patients who were pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital of which a quarter were reported in Sabah alone.

Selangor (67) reported the highest number of deaths followed by Johor (65), Sabah (54), Kedah (51), Kuala Lumpur (34), Negeri Sembilan (29), Kelantan (17), Sarawak (10), Terengganu (9), Malacca (8), Perak (6), Penang (5), Pahang (4) and Perlis (2).

Clusters

The Health Ministry is currently monitoring 1,459 active Covid-19 clusters.

Another 35 new clusters were classified today of which 20 involved workplaces.

Industri Jalan Nuri cluster

 Category: Workplace State(s): Selangor District(s): Kuala Langat Total infected: 79 out of 122 screened

Tapak Bina Persiaran Elmina cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Selangor District(s): Petaling Total infected: 67 out of 129 screened

Industri Dua Jalan Anggerik Mokara 47 cluster  

Category: Workplace State(s): Selangor District(s): Klang Total infected: 50 out of 167 screened

Industri Dua Jalan Bandar Lama cluster 

 Category: Workplace State(s): Selangor District(s): Kuala Langat and Klang Total infected: 30 out of 36 screened

Tapak Bina Persiaran Laman View cluster  

Category: Workplace State(s): Selangor District(s): Sepang Total infected: 20 out of 69 screened

Tapak Bina Jalan Elegan cluster  

Category: Workplace State(s): Selangor District(s): Sepang Total infected: 12 out of 92 screened

Pasar Matu cluster 

 Category: Workplace State(s): Sarawak District(s): Matu Total infected: 29 out of 121 screened

Tapak Bina Jalan Tasek Mutiara Tujuh cluster  

Category: Workplace State(s): Penang District(s): Seberang Perai Selatan Total infected: 123 out of 518 screened

Tapak Bina Jalan Kubang Menerong cluster 

 Category: Workplace State(s): Penang District(s): Seberang Perai Utara and Seberang Perai Tengah Total infected: 81 out of 290 screened

Jalan Mayang Pasir Tiga cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Penang District(s): Barat Daya and Timur Laut Total infected: 46 out of 468 screened

Zon Industri Bebas Tiga cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Penang District(s): Barat Daya Total infected: 21 out of 283 screened

Tapak Bina Jalan Tengku Azizah cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Johor District(s): Johor Bahru Total infected: 56 out of 235 screened

Industri Jalan Gangsa Kulai cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Johor District(s): Kulai Total infected: 18 out of 230 screened

Industri Jalan Johor Ayer Hitam cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Johor District(s): Batu Pahat Total infected: 15 out of 656 screened

Dah Tapak Bina Patani cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Kedah District(s): Kuala Muda Total infected: 54 out of 226 screened

Dah Empat Industri Sungai Petani cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Kedah District(s): Kuala Muda Total infected: 51 out of 117 screened

Industri Persiaran Pengkalan 32 cluster  

Category: Workplace State(s): Perak District(s): Kinta Total infected: 35 out of 120 screened

Semambu Empat cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Pahang District(s): Kuantan Total infected: 29 out of 55 screened

Ladang Jalan Bahau Rompin cluster  

Category: Workplace State(s): Negeri Sembilan District(s): Jempol Total infected: 75 out of 336 screened

Jalan PBR 12 cluster 

Category: Workplace State(s): Malacca District(s): Melaka Tengah Total infected: 25 out of 90 screened

Jalan Kubang Golok Merabang cluster 

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Bachok Total infected: 20 out of 36 screened

Kampung Gong Manak cluster 

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Pasir Puteh Total infected: 15 out of 18 screened

Jalan Kubang Kacang cluster 

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Kota Bharu Total infected: 14 out of 23 screened

Kampung Kedap cluster 

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Pasir Mas, Machang and Kota Bharu Total infected: 14 out of 26 screened

Kampung Kuala Besar cluster  

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Kota Bharu Total infected: 9 out of 17 screened

Lorong Pasir Lada cluster 

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Kota Bharu Total infected: 9 out of 15 screened

Lorong Madrasah cluster  

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Pasir Mas Total infected: 9 out of 13 screened

Lorong Penggawa Yahya cluster  

Category: Community State(s): Kelantan District(s): Pasir Mas Total infected: 5 out of 6 screened

Jalan Sutera Bakar Batu cluster  

Category: Community State(s): Johor District(s): Johor Bahru Total infected: 116 out of 193 screened

Sungai Tekam Jerantut cluster 

 Category: Community State(s): Pahang District(s): Jerantut Total infected: 27 out of 82 screened

Lemujan cluster  

Category: Community State(s): Sarawak District(s): Pakan Total infected: 38 out of 42 screened

Jalan Chemor Estate cluster 

Category: High-risk group State(s): Perak District(s): Kinta Total infected: 75 out of 97 screened

Kampung Ayer Papan cluster  

Category: High-risk group State(s): Perak District(s): Kinta Total infected: 13 out of 31 screened

Jalan SP 5/4 cluster 

Category: Non-Education Ministry institution State(s): Selangor District(s): Kuala Langat Total infected: 17 out of 118 screened

Jalan Scientex 20 cluster 

Category: Institusi Pendidikan Swasta Berdaftar di Bawah KPM State(s): Johor District(s): Kulai Total infected: 11 out of 48 screened

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