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Thursday, November 30, 2023

‘Follow SOP to check Covid-19’, Containing the rising spread

 

Mask up to be safe: People wearing face masks as a protective measure against air pollution and Covid-19 in Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. — Filepic


Containing the rising spread


Keep safety measures up as the year-end holidays approach says health experts


PETALING JAYA: As Covid-19 caseloads increase, health experts say Malaysians must exercise vigilance to avoid catching the life-threatening disease and other infectious respiratory diseases such as influenza.

These experts say that keeping safety measures up, especially as the year-end holidays approach, can protect yourselves and others besides preventing both asymptomatic and symptomatic spread of respiratory illnesses, which are more dangerous for vulnerable groups such as the elderly, children and chronically ill.

Public health medicine specialist Datuk Dr Zainal Ariffin Omar said that during the year-end rainy and wet season, there will be many respiratory infection cases due to viruses.

He said the public should not only take measures to prevent Covid-19 but also other respiratory diseases and food and water-borne illnesses during these wet months.

“Covid-19 is still with us and can cause severe illness and even death. Practise SOP (standard operating procedure) like wearing a mask, washing hands, avoiding crowded places, seeking treatment and completing the immunisation schedule,” he said.

On Nov 23, the Health Ministry said that Covid-19 cases had risen by 28% between Nov 12 and 18 at 2,305 infections compared to 1,801 the week before.

ALSO READDaily confirmed cases steadily rising since September

Malaysian Medical Association president Dr Azizan Abdul Aziz said given that Covid-19 symptoms were now mild for most, there was a high likelihood of those infected not performing self-tests or isolating themselves. She also stressed on the use of face masks for those with flu-like symptoms and isolation if the individual is confirmed to contract Covid-19.

“Skipping these practices could be one of the main reasons why there is an increase in cases,” she said.

Dr Azizan said those with influenza should mask up when going around, adding that Covid-19-positive individuals should report themselves through the MySejahtera app.

She also reminded those in high-risk categories to ensure that they have received the recommended boosters and use a face mask when in crowded places and situations.

“The elderly are also recommended to take the influenza vaccine as they may have a weaker immune system. The same goes for children above six months of age,” she said. “And do not forget the good habits the pandemic has taught us: wash hands often with soap and water or use sanitiser.”

Prof Dr Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh said that while the recent 28% surge in cases was concerning, it had to be ascertained whether there was also a rise in virulence.

ALSO READ: Health Ministry to send report to PAC over Covid-19 management

The health economist and public health specialist with Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia said there is a need to look at trends of Covid-19 admissions and patients with severe respiratory symptoms.On whether a major outbreak is possible, Dr Sharifa Ezat said it is unlikely “unless a new variant of concern comes up, and is highly virulent”.

She also advised patients with mild Covid-19 to wear a mask and get boosted if they have yet to do so, while those with severe symptoms should get tested and seek treatment.

“Immunocompromised populations are at higher risk of developing severe symptoms as well,” she said, referring to those with obesity, young children, the elderly and individuals with non-communicable diseases such as diabetes.

Association of Private Hospitals Malaysia president Datuk Dr Kuljit Singh said there has been a small increase in Covid-19 patients in private hospitals but the situation is still manageable.

“We have seen spikes after festive periods and we should be careful with very crowded places during gatherings,” he added.

Malaysian Pharmacists Society president Amrahi Buang said the new wave of infections was likely due to new variants and it has been happening in other countries as well, such as in Perth, Australia.

Last week, a surge in Covid-19 cases prompted the government of the Western Australian state to reintroduce face mask rules at Perth public hospitals.

Amrahi said the current rise in infections in Malaysia is concerning, adding that people have not been using MySejahtera to self-report.

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Monday, November 27, 2023

Rift over future of AI development

Sam Altman was fired on Nov 17 from the company that created the popular ChatGPT chatbot. To many, he was considered the human face of generative AI. — Reuters

OpenAI CEO calls for global cooperation on AI regulation, says ‘China has some of the best AI talent in the world’

THE rift that cost artificial-intelligence whiz kid Sam Altman his CEO job at OpenAI reflects a fundamental difference of opinion over safety, broadly, between two camps developing the world-altering software and pondering its societal impact.

On one side are those, like Altman, who view the rapid development and, especially, public deployment of AI as essential to stress-testing and perfecting the technology. On the other side are those who say the safest path forward is to fully develop and test AI in a laboratory first to ensure it is, so to speak, safe for human consumption.

Altman, 38, was fired on Nov 17 from the company that created the popular ChatGPT chatbot. To many, he was considered the human face of generative AI.

Some caution the hyper-intelligent software could become uncontrollable, leading to catastrophe – a concern among tech workers who follow a social movement called “effective altruism,” who believe AI advances should benefit humanity.

Among those sharing such fears is OpenAI’s Ilya Sutskever, the chief scientist and a board member who approved Altman’s ouster.

A similar division has emerged between developers of self-driving cars – also controlled by AI – who say they must be unleashed among dense urban streets to fully understand the vehicles’ faculties and foibles; whereas others urge restraint, concerned that the technology presents unknowable risks.


Altman attending the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO Summit in San Francisco, California. — Reuters

Those worries over generative AI came to a head with the surprise ousting of Altman, who was also OpenAI’s cofounder.

Generative AI is the term for the software that can spit out coherent content, like essays, computer code and photo-like images, in response to simple prompts.

The popularity of OpenAI’s ChatGPT over the past year has accelerated debate about how best to regulate and develop the software.

“The question is whether this is just another product, like social media or cryptocurrency, or whether this is a technology that has the capability to outperform humans and become uncontrollable,” said Connor Leahy, CEO of ConjectureAI and a safety advocate. “Does the future then belong to the machines?”

Sutskever reportedly felt Altman was pushing OpenAI’s software too quickly into users’ hands, potentially compromising safety.

“We don’t have a solution for steering or controlling a potentially superintelligent AI, and preventing it from going rogue,” he and a deputy wrote in a July blog post. “Humans won’t be able to reliably supervise AI systems much smarter than us.”

Of particular concern, reportedly, was that OpenAI announced a slate of new commercially available products at its developer event earlier this month, including a version of its ChatGPT-4 software and so-called agents that work like virtual assistants.

Sutskever did not respond to a request for comment.

The fate of OpenAI is viewed by many technologists as critical to the development of AI. Discussions on Altman to be reinstalled have fizzled, dashing hopes among the former CEO’s acolytes.

ChatGPT’s release last November prompted a frenzy of investment in AI firms, including US$10bil from Microsoft into OpenAI and billions more for other startups, including from Alphabet and Amazon.com.

That can help explain the explosion of new AI products as firms like Anthropic and ScaleAI race to show investors progress. Regulators, meanwhile, are trying to keep pace with AI’s development, including guidelines from the Biden administration and a push for “mandatory self-regulation” from some countries as the European Union works to enact broad oversight of the software.

While most use generative AI software, such as ChatGPT, to supplement their work, like writing quick summaries of lengthy documents, observers are wary of versions that may emerge known as “artificial general intelligence”, or AGI, which could perform increasingly complicated tasks without any prompting. This has sparked concerns that the software could, on its own, take over defence systems, create political propaganda or produce weapons.

OpenAI was founded as a non-profit eight years ago, in part to ensure its products were not driven by profit-making that could lead it down a slippery slope toward a dangerous AGI, what is referred to in the company’s charter as any threatening to “harm to humanity or unduly concentrate power”. But since then, Altman helped create a for-profit entity within the company for the purpose of raising funds and other aims. — Reuters

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US foreign policy root cause of Gaza crisis

 

JIN DING/CHINA DAILY


The bloody Israel-Palestine conflict that broke out more than a month ago has not yet subsided, has caused heavy loss of lives and the number of casualties on both sides continues to rise, which is heartbreaking. It goes without saying that the historical roots of the conflict are deep and the situation is far more complex than it seems, and the US' Middle East policy is largely to blame for the conflict.

It all started with former US president Donald Trump announcing in 2018 the plan to move the US Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which effectively means the US recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, a goal the latter has long sought.

The US' handling of this conflict has also added fuel to the fire on the ground. Although the US ultimately called Israel for a "humanitarian cease-fire" following pressure from the Arab world and the international community, it has already lost support internationally. The various diplomatic measures the US undertakes violate the morality of a major power and are closely related to its political system.

On the surface, this conflict was triggered by an attack on Israel by the Palestinian armed group Hamas, but the underlying reason is the accumulation of hatred and anger between the two sides as the Palestinian issue has not been resolved

According to Resolution 181 (United Nations Plan for the Partition of the Mandate of Palestine) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on Nov 29, 1947, the establishment of two temporary states was proposed, one being the Jewish state of Israel and the other the state of Palestine

However, this resolution has never been implemented. Israel has not only occupied Palestinian land, but has also continued to expand and strengthen Israeli settlements on Palestinian land. It has implemented long-term blockades and violent suppression of Palestinians, causing Israel-Palestine conflicts to break out from time to time, and the grievances between the two sides to deepen.

Not only has the US failed to deal with the Palestinian issue seriously and fairly, it has instead favored and sheltered Israel. After Hamas launched the attack on Oct 7, the US Embassy in Jerusalem took the lead in tweeting condemnation of Hamas' attack, saying that the US was in touch with Israeli officials and fully supported Israel's "right to self-defense".

When US President Joe Biden met Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Oct 18, he actually expressed support for Israel's counterattack instead of trying to ease the situation. That emboldened Israel to launch ruthless military strikes against Palestine. Israel's large-scale air strikes, including those targeting refugee camps and hospitals in Gaza, have caused heavy casualties to the people of Gaza.

Some 30 years ago, the US had briefly acted as a "peace messenger" trying to resolve the Israel-Palestine issue. In 1993, the leaders of Israel and Palestine signed the Oslo Accords under the guidance of then US president Bill Clinton. Israel and Palestine recognized each other's legitimacy and agreed to end the violent conflict through a peace agreement. Israel withdrew from Gaza and parts of the West Bank. Both sides established a road map for peace in the Middle East. Unfortunately, the agreement was blocked by radical forces on both sides, and then Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated.

After the George W. Bush administration came to power, the US launched a war on terrorism because of the Sept 11 terrorist attacks. It completely abandoned Clinton's Middle East peace process, turned to unilateralism, and promoted neo-conservatism with the goal of overthrowing "hostile governments" such as in Iraq.

When Barack Obama became president, the US adopted a moderate policy toward the Middle East. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA, signed by Obama eased relations with Iran. On the Israel-Palestine issue, the Obama administration criticized Israel's actions in the West Bank and expressed dissatisfaction with the construction of Jewish settlements.

Unfortunately, after Trump was elected president, the US returned to the unilateralism of the Bush era. Adhering to the Cold War mentality, in order to maintain its hegemony, it continued to form cliques and provoked conflicts, triggering serious political and economic problems around the world. The conflict between the two sides has made the situation in the Middle East unstable and the Israel-Palestine conflict continues to this day. It can be seen that the evolution of Israel-Palestine relations from peace talks, conflicts to wars is closely linked to the attitude of the US.- China Daily/Asia News Network.

Edward Wong is a researcher of Hong Kong Sustainable Development Research Institute. Ivan Chu is a member of the Chinese Association of the Hong Kong and Macao Studies.

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Truce in Gaza 'a key window for humanitarian assistance'

Israel and Palestinian armed group Hamas have very limited mutual trust to execute the temporary cease-fire and a hostage release deal, so they need more time to solve technical problems, said experts on Thursday, as the Israeli side claimed that the truce will be delayed and no hostages will be released before Friday.

The West never had a chance at winning over the world

The West never had a chance at winning over the world

Thursday, November 23, 2023

Hegemonic mentality behind US media hype of ‘China threat’ theory: experts



China Is Preparing For The Worlds Next Big Conflict

US media on Monday claimed that the era of total US submarine dominance over China is ending, a move Chinese experts said on Tuesday is yet another hype of the "China threat" theory motivated by the US hegemonic mentality.

China is narrowing one of the largest gaps dividing the US and Chinese militaries as it makes advances in its submarine technology and undersea detection capabilities, The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) reported on Monday.

The WSJ report claimed that China launched early this year a nuclear-powered attack submarine with a pump-jet propulsion system instead of a propeller, marking the first time this noise-reducing technology used on the latest US submarines had been seen on a Chinese submarine.

Citing satellite images, the WSJ said China's manufacturing base for nuclear-powered submarines laid out hull sections larger than the hull of any existing Chinese submarine a few months earlier, and that the plant was expanded with a second modern construction hall in 2021, indicating plans to boost output.

China has also built or nearly finished several underwater sensor networks in the South China Sea and other regions around the Chinese coast, similar to the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) developed by the US during the Cold War to detect Soviet subs, giving it a much better ability to detect enemy submarines, the WSJ said.

The WSJ highlighted the Chinese People's Liberation Army's (PLA) efforts in finding enemy submarines by adding patrol aircraft and helicopters as well as conducting anti-submarine warfare exercise with warships.

China has not publicly announced most of the developments mentioned in the US media report, so they are little more than mere speculations based on open information that could be false or misleading, a Chinese military expert who requested anonymity told the Global Times on Tuesday.

However, it is logical that China would rightfully continue to develop its underwater national defense capabilities in order to safeguard its national security, sovereignty, territorial integrity and development interests, and other countries are in no position to make irresponsible remarks, the expert said.

The report talked about "US submarine dominance," which exposes the US-style hegemonic mentality that only the US can have absolute advantages over others, the expert said.

The WSJ report also linked China's submarine developments to the Taiwan question, claiming that a greater threat to US submarines would complicate the task of sinking ships in the attacking PLA fleet in case of a PLA reunification-by-force operation.

"The US needs far more resources, such as patrol aircraft and attack submarines, to locate, track and potentially target a new generation of quieter Chinese submarines," the WSJ quoted a former US Navy officer as saying.

Such rhetoric again hypes the "China threat" theory aimed at demonizing, isolating and containing China, and it creates excuses for the US to expand its military budget and for US arms firms to make more profits, analysts said.

It is totally wrong that the US should militarily interfere in the Taiwan question, which is an internal affair of China, experts said.

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Pentagon report hypes 'China threat' to sustain own hegemony, China's military power only makes those with malicious intent feel 'threatened

China warns US, Philippines not to harm its sovereignty, rights

China on Wednesday warned the US and the Philippines that their recent joint naval patrols near Chinese territorial waters should not harm China's sovereignty and maritime interests, with analysts saying the military activities by Washington and Manila showed the two countries have no sincerity to ease tension.

Using algorithms to check fraud

New way: In addition to developing algorithms to trace money that could have ended up in the hands of fraudsters, the NFP will be able to forecast the pattern of mule accounts. — AZLINA ABDULLAH/The Star

New National Fraud Portal to streamline end-to-end scam responses

PETALING JAYA: The National Fraud Portal (NFP) will be able to predict the pattern of mule accounts as well as create algorithms to track funds that may have fallen into the hands of scammers, says Bank Negara governor Datuk Abdul Rasheed Ghaffour.

Bank Negara, he said, had decided to put more effort into curbing fraud, especially online financial fraud, as the perpetrators were not only “getting smarter by the hour” but also more sophisticated in their use of new technologies.

These efforts, said Abdul Rasheed, were also in line with the National Risk Assessment of 2023 findings that fraud was one of the five high-risk crimes beside corruption, drug trafficking, smuggling and organised crime.

ALSO READ:  NFP requires certain policies to be effective, say experts

“Bank Negara is actively collaborating with PayNet and the financial industry to launch the NFP by the middle of next year.

“Building on the framework and foundations of the National Scam Response Centre (NSRC), the NFP will streamline the industry’s end-to-end scam response, from initial identification and reporting to the recovery of funds.

“This platform will enhance efficiency by automating processes, enabling a more rapid response to assist victims.

“We envision the NFP expanding to include predictive assessments of mule accounts, advanced analytics, and fund-tracing algorithms,” said Abdul Rasheed, declining to divulge further details.

ALSO READ:  Budget 2024: National Scam Response Centre allocation doubled to RM20mil

PayNet is the national provider of financial market utilities, set up to build inclusive, accessible and efficient payments and financial ecosystems for Malaysia.

Bank Negara is PayNet’s single largest shareholder, with 11 of the country’s financial institutions as joint shareholders.

Abdul Rasheed said since the NSRC was launched in October 2022, it had received over 19,000 reports on scam cases, leading to the freezing of over RM60mil and the identification of 43,000 mule accounts.

The NFP currently being worked on by the central bank stems from the success of measures such as the “kill switch” for customers introduced by all major banks, he said.

“Falling victim to financial fraud is undoubtedly difficult for those affected, with some victims losing their entire life savings and struggling to regain their economic footing.

ALSO READ: National fraud portal to be ready by mid-2024 - BNM

“With the support of the banking associations, all major banks have implemented these measures, including restricting authentication apps to a single device and introducing a ‘kill switch’ for customers.

“We have observed a 58% reduction in unauthorised online banking transactions reported to the NSRC in the last five months.

“Bank Negara is now also assessing a number of additional policy enhancements on the handling of financial scams.

“This includes strengthening the requirements for financial institutions to undertake more robust investigations, adopt stronger preventive controls, and review the effectiveness of these mechanisms.

“We also plan to clarify the responsibilities of customers to protect themselves and their rights if they fall victim to fraud,” said Abdul Rasheed.

Bank Negara’s efforts to curb scams have been ongoing, with the past year seeing financial institutions migrate from the one-time password (OTP) system to having a ‘cooling-off period’ for the first-time registration of online banking services or secure devices and limiting authentication to one device per customer.

Banks now have their own scam hotlines with more advisories for their customers.

A source with Bank Negara said the portal’s secrecy was one of the key factors in ensuring that scammers were not working in tandem with its development.

“It is crucial that we are one step ahead of the scammers. The problem has always been that we are always running behind the scammers, and now we are playing catch-up,” said the source.

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Scam rampant, become a ‘scamdemic', with victims being forced to commit online crimes also believed to have set up scam centres in Malaysia

Scam rampant, become a ‘scamdemic', with victims being forced to commit online crimes also believed to have set up scam centres in Malaysia

PETALING JAYA: Not only is Malaysia suffering from a “scamdemic” with citizens continuing to fall victim to job scams, but the country is also believed to be the location of scam centres with international syndicates having set up operations here, according to a United Nations report.

Coined by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) after the Covid-19 pandemic in 2021, the term “scamdemic” has gained traction as scam cases surge, particularly in countries like Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos.

In its latest policy brief, UNODC says international NGOs have identified over 40 nationalities of trafficking victims in scam parks in South-East Asia, including Malaysians.

These scam parks, a gathering of criminal organisations specialising in financial fraud and human trafficking, are known to deploy operatives who excel at running job scams, among others.

ALSO READ : ‘Greed and risky mindset lead to more victims’

While there is no accurate data on the number of victims trafficked for forced criminality, it is estimated that between 10,000 and 100,000 predominantly young men and women from Asia had been trafficked and forced to commit online scams and fraud, says the report.

The actual number of Malaysians who have fallen victim to job scams is unknown, although the Malaysian International Humanitarian Organisation, an NGO that assists in rescuing Malaysians from such scams, claims that there are at least 1,000 Malaysians in Myanmar alone.

At the recent parliament sitting, Deputy Foreign Minister Datuk Mohamad Alamin said 518 Malaysian victims of job scam syndicates had been rescued as of Nov 3, and that the ministry is identifying another 26 in Laukkaing, Myanmar.

In the same policy brief, UNODC also suggests that scam parks exist in Malaysia, following reports from trafficking victims who had escaped over the last three years. However, the report does not provide details on the existence of the scam parks.

“Since early 2021, an increasing number of stories started to emerge of trafficking victims escaping from scam compounds in countries such as Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar and even Malaysia,” says the report.

UNODC says concerns over citizens being trafficked and severely mistreated, primarily in scam compounds in the Golden Triangle (the area in which the borders of Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos meet), were also expressed to the body and other UN agencies by several governments in the region.

UNODC says the victims related similar stories of how they were lured by lucrative job offers, only to find themselves forced into modern-day slavery to work as scammers themselves. They tend to be working in casino complexes or highly guarded buildings.

“After travelling to or within the destination country, they were confined to large casino or hotel complexes, or other secure buildings tailored to harbour or confine victims, where they were forced, for up to 15 hours a day, to conduct online scams.

“These online scams and fraud, committed primarily by trafficked persons under duress, have defrauded thousands of scam victims around the world of, on average, US$169,000 per victim,” says the report.

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman’s Tun Tan Cheng Lock Centre for Social and Policy Studies chairman Dr Chin Yee Mun said it can be concluded that Malaysia is indeed experiencing a “scamdemic” following recent findings from a survey carried out by a group of academics on Malaysians’ awareness of the matter.

“Firstly, our survey shows that nearly 40% of the respondents have encountered scams, and about the same percentage have someone in their social circle who had undergone similar experiences,” he said.

“Secondly, we have similar experience or have someone in our social circle who encountered scammers or has been scammed.”

Universiti Teknologi Mara Perlis’ Dr Azhar Abdul Rahman said that although the number of Malaysians who remain trapped in scam parks is uncertain, there may be many more, judging from the continuous reports of rescued victims.

“These scammers are always prepared with their plans to entice the gullible with (jobs that offer) easy access to wealth,” said Azhar, who was part of the team that carried out the survey.

But Malaysians are not new to experiencing job scams, said crime analyst Kamal Affandi Hashim.

“Malaysia has long been suffering from this ‘scamdemic’. And Malaysia is not alone as the whole world is facing this problem.

“The only difference now is that this matter is being put under the spotlight. The scammers are also technologically savvy and sophisticated in reaching out to potential victims,” he said.

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Roshaidi (right) and his friend refused to work as scammers as told by the syndicate

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Scam parks: No promised land

The map shows locations of known or raided scam parks, including illegal casinos, in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar as reported by regional law enforcement authorities as of June 2023.

THEY arrive at an exotic, foreign land with hope for a new life or new love.

But what they get is despair, and some even death, as they are locked up, tortured and forced into a life of cybercrime.

This is what happened to an estimated 10,000 to 100,000 predominantly young men and women who have been conned and held captive in the “scam parks” of South-East Asia, where they are forced to commit online scams and fraud, says the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC).

Calling it a “scamdemic”, UNDOC highlights in its report, Casinos, cyber fraud, and trafficking in persons for forced criminality in South-East Asia, that the huge scamming “industry” has swept across the region in the wake of Covid-19.


According to the report which was released in September, the scam parks – also known as fraud factories – are run by transnational organised crime syndicates taking advantage of the existing casino and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) infrastructure in the Golden Triangle area, namely in Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand.

These syndicates are believed to be gangs from mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, who due to the pandemic, were forced to close down or move their illicit operations, especially illegal casinos, to less regulated spaces such as conflict-affected border areas and the SEZ, as well as to the increasingly lucrative online space.

Covid-19 had also created the perfect conditions for this scamdemic to flourish with its “toxic combination” of unemployment, lockdown isolation, and increased social media use, says UNDOC.

With millions of migrant and expatriate workers stranded during the Covid-19 lockdowns, while thousands of millions others were confined at home, the pool of easy targets for job scams and other online fraud schemes only grew. Then as the region reopened in 2021, traffickers took advantage of those who had lost their jobs because of the pandemic and were desperate for work.


UNDOC says these organised crime groups have developed and implemented a sophisticated plan to scam people, utilising the latest artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including face swapping and voice replication to bypass banking security systems.

The scam park trafficking crime is also growing into a global problem as victims come not only from across the Asean region, East Asia and South Asia, but also further afield from Africa and Latin America.

The trafficked victims in turn are forced to scam thousands worldwide, very often their own countrymen. It is estimated that these online scams have defrauded thousands worldwide of an average US$169,000 (RM789,801) per victim.

According to another UN agency, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), these scam parks are also seeing a new type of victims.

An OHCHR report published in August says that while trafficking cases in South-East Asia used to involve mostly victims who had lower educational qualifications and worked in low-wage jobs, the latest findings show the trend now includes those who are well-educated – many previously held professional jobs and have graduate or postgraduate degrees.

Most are also IT-savvy and multilingual, fluent especially in English. (This is so they can trick scam victims more effectively, the report says.)

Many ensnared are also from supposedly more developed nations in the region such as Singapore and Taiwan.

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'CLICK TO ENLARGE''CLICK TO ENLARGE'

OHCHR adds that while most of the trafficking victims are men, there are also women and young persons.

Luring them with the promise of stable jobs overseas, the traffickers arrange for the unknowing victims to travel to countries like Thailand and Myanmar, before smuggling them across the borders to Laos and Cambodia.

They are then taken to scam parks, which are secure buildings tailored to confine victims and operate these online scams, including large casinos and hotel complexes.

Once inside the scam parks, some of which are fenced with barbed wire, the victims’ passports are confiscated, and they are forced to work as scammers for up to 15 hours or more a day.

Those who try to escape are often beaten before being forced back to work.

There have been reports of trafficking victims being sold and moved from one scam park to another.

While thousands of victims have escaped, been rescued, and returned to their home country, say the UN agencies, overall, the problem is not abating, with new scam compounds being built and existing scam compounds expanding in size and geographical scope.